Gender Equality Essays (264 words) - Taxidermy, The Landlady

Gender Equality The Landlady Continued 4.) The two colloquial expressions that Billy uses to indicate that the landlady is insane are the she is slightly dotty and off her rocker. 5.) The word congenial means similar tastes and character. The word rapacious means seizing by force. 6.) The meaning of Bed and Breakfast as the expression used in England is you spend the night and have breakfast in the morning. 7.) The four details that tell us the story took place in England were the English slang, that Billy came from London on a train, named English schools, and the Bed and Breakfast. 8.) A word you could use to describe Billy Weaver would be curious. Three examples from the story that support my choice would be Christopher Mulholland, that rings a bell. Yes indeed, Christopher Mulholland was more than three years ago. I should've thought you'd be simply swamped with applicants. 9.) Observations that led Billy to the conclusion that the Bed and Breakfast would be a pretty decent place to stay in would include how well kept the house looked and the dog and bird looked so pleasant in front of the warm fire. The flowers in the window and the bed and breakfast sign drew him in. 10.) The following events have been arranged in a particular sequence so they are correct. -Billy saw the sign in the window -He was invited into the boarding house -He signed the guest book -He sipped tea with the landlady -He noticed that the bird and the dog were stuf Social Issues

Analysis of the Catering Industry Essays

Analysis of the Catering Industry Essays Analysis of the Catering Industry Essay Analysis of the Catering Industry Essay bespeaking an addition of 10.2 % in comparing to 2004 statistics.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp? productid=1923527 A ; SID=16572009-430501586-424947899 A ; curr=GBP A ; kw= A ; view=absIn malice of the positive growing, there are besides several negative impacts upon the industry such as the recent economic crisis caused by the bite of the credit crunch’ and rising prices rate on nutrient have further made consumer’s financially unstable ensuing them to holding limited disposable income and thought twice about socializing and booming out.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp? productid=1923527 A ; SID=16572009-430501586-424947899 A ; curr=GBP A ; kw= A ; view=absFurthermore the inquiry of healthy feeding has been more progressively of import with in the overall nutrient market. Particularly with the go oning public consciousness about fleshiness 1000000s of consumers are going more cognizant and wellness witting with the ingredients being used in there repasts. Thus eating house proprietors are being forced to alter at that place bill of fare and ingredients to accommodate their consumers penchants.Despite the obscureness and economic uncertainness of 2008, the eating houses industry has a positive tendency for future growing. Statistics farther showed that more than three-fourthss of grownups visited eating houses at least one time a twelvemonth, and incursion is highest among those in the higher societal classs and those aged between 25 and 44. Briefly, eating out has become a lasting component in the life styles of both younger and older consumers. It has besides been predicted that it will increase to 22.5 % between 2009 and 2013, based on current monetary values, which includes higher rising prices on repast monetary values.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp? productid=1923527 A ; SID=16572009-430501586-424947899 A ; curr=GBP A ; kw= A ; view=absMulberry eating house in a glance is Hackney’s genuinely eco-friendly community preparation eating house.Mulberry eating houses, Seasonal Menu’s dedicated to healthy eating consists of antic ethical recipe’s, every bit good as manus picked award winning front-runners, collected from all over the universe which will appeal to a broad and varied patronage, reflecting upon our eco-friendly policies and dedication to environmental duties as all our ingredients will be sourced from around the M25 part giving each of our freshly prepared dishes a richer and sweeter gustatory sensation each of which will be eventually given that alone secret Mulberry turn from our immature and introducing heads that will go forth every clients with a oral cavity irrigating exceeding experience till their following visit ( Raab A ; Mayer, 2007 ) [ 1 ] .To guarantee every trip to Millbury is an fascinating one, invitees are looked after by a squad of friendly and hospitable staff ; who concentrate on doing certain that guests bask their clip, and see the alone gastronomic escapade in Mulberry’ manner.This: can be seen in more item by taking a brief glimpse at our ice parlor, where Mulberry restaurants ice pick scoopers staff members dressed in celebrated sketch characters, fetid chapeaus are encouraged to set on a show by executing tricks’ some of the fast ones which include ; juggle, throwing ice pick scoops under the leg, behind the dorsum, and over people doing the eating house a bosom winning childs favourite topographic point to dine within which will be further enticed with kids under the age of 5 acquiring freebees such as crayons and pulling books.We will be unfastened 7 yearss a hebdomad. Serving Breakfast, tiffin and dinner Monday–Friday during school vacation day of the months and weekends, neve rtheless restricted operating hours will be enforced during term clip for kid protection purpose’s accordingly Mulberry eating house will merely provide for flushing dinner’s served Monday–Friday between 4:30pm–9pm ( Chuang A ; Kleiner, 2003 ) [ 2 ] .MissionStatementMulberry restaurant’s chief focal point will be functioning quality nutrient, centred around the cardinal elements of wellness, preparation, community and environment. Mulberry farther aims to change the image of the eating house industry. The eating house aims to be good to both the local population and those further a field.As a group of five immature UEL concern graduates we believe that the eating house industry needs to alter to supplying consumers with healthier repast options embraced with a strong finding of cut downing their carbon pes prints’ .Mulberry purposes to put this benchmark within the industry by sharing strong believes of successful enterpriserJack Petcheyif I can†¦.I can! ’which we believe as a group we can! , by sharing our belief’s with Hackney’s immature, aureate age, local force and promote Petchey academy’s ethos and values within the wider community. Furthermore the eating house aims to show to the inner/wider community stakeholders a pioneer illustration of how eating houses can be environmentally friendly and still present, hackney’s occupant, concerns, visitants a alone friendly atmosphere to dine within.Critically, Mulberry is the lone ice pick parlor in the part which would potentially let the eating house to bear down a premium monetary value for the merchandises. This is non, nevertheless ; the attack that is traveling to be taken by Mulberry. Pricing is traveling to be competitory as it has been determined that the country is peculiarly sensitive. Initial research indicated that 15.38 % of those asked thought that pricing was the most of import factor. The following most of import f actor was recognised to be good service ( Larsen A ; Bastiansen, 1992 ) [ 3 ] . It is recognised that in clip the ice pick will go one of the cardinal premium merchandises in the cafe and hence pricing will reflect this extra quality ( Ramdeen A ; Chatfield, 2007 ) [ 4 ] .Purposes and Aims To go a successful eco-friendly community eating house that is a leader in client service and To hold a loyal client followers. Reduce costs by 2 % over the following 6 months from the expansive gap day of the month. To engage the best people available, preparation, motivatingand promoting them, and thereby retaining the friendliest, most efficient staff possible. To put within the most good energy ingestion assets ( advancing ourunique eco-friendly policies’such as: Roof-mounted solar panels to supply hot H2O. Two roof-mounted air current turbines. This is following Jamie Oliver’s illustration at his eating house, Fifteen [ 5 ] . Hydrocarbon fridges to cut down energy ingestion. A hot compost machine for green garden waste. Please note:There is a grant blessing pending, of the environmentally green assets this concern program proposes to put within and if this is successful the initial capital will significantly cut down our initial costs as we aim to have a 30 % decrease on our initial cost of the air current turbine and an extra 50 % of the solar panels. Yes, although some may reason, the eco-power enterprise is expensive it has several benefits such as diminishing the running costs of the concern on the long-term, but besides benefit the community by taking the manner, and demoing its possibility of going 100 % eco-friendly and doing a net income in the extroverted old ages.Furthermore this presents everyone with the acquisition chance ( Petchey academy pupils and the wider community ) of how such conformities can profit in cut downing carbon pes prints’ , which we will advance within our eco-friendly events where companies can advance their merchandises and services within the eating house by paying a bantam sum of fee. And promote other concerns to follow the tendency. Will Ashworth, the Jamie Oliver’s manager at Fifteen in Watergate Bay has been the vocal in advancing the utility of eco-energy strategies at eating houses. To increase gross revenues by 10 % per annum. By spread outing the concerns services such as place bringing options and diversifying our merchandise portfolio. Introducing new dishes within the bill of fare Capitalizing on most demanded consumer events such as ; subject dark, unrecorded music, etc To patronize the local Hackney football squad developing a strong presence in the community thereby back uping gross revenues ends. Short Term, Medium Term and Long Term GoalsMerchandises and ServicessIn the short term ( i.e. the first twelvemonth ) Mulberry intends to guarantee that the model for future success is laid down. Awareness is comparatively low about what a community eating house really is ( with 34 % of questionnaire respondents stating that they understood the community eating house construct ) , hence, the initial purpose will be to raise consciousness and to develop new, value added services. The eating house is projected to interrupt even in month 11 of gap. It is besides expected that a new bringing service which is in line with the eco friendly mission will be offered and further preparation chances for extra pupil chefs.Future DevelopmentAs one of the chief merchandising points of Mulberry is the eco-friendly dining option that it offers, the focal point will be on developing merchandise line and services that are to the full environmentally friendly. This will include puting in engineering su ch as recycling composters for waste and full usage of recycled merchandises for packaging etc. It is predicted that the eating house will be 50 % environmentally friendly within five old ages with 100 % environmentally friendliness being achieved within 10 old ages. Initially, there will be two caput chefs and two trainee pupil chefs, two caput servers and two trainee servers ( Pratten, 2003 ) [ 6 ] . Net incomes are expected to increase by 10 % a twelvemonth and this will be reflected with the add-on of a new trainee chef a twelvemonth. As preparation of the chefs will take 2 old ages, it is anticipated that the trainee chefs will go capable of going trainers within 3 – 5 old ages which will give Mulberry the internal resource to open a new franchise in a adjacent college ( Ball, 2008 ) [ 7 ] .Market AnalysisBy carry oning a full PESTLE ( political, economical, societal, technological, legal and environmental ) analysis it is possible to place a strong market potency for th e eating house. Politically the company is fabulously positioned as the authorities is acute to promote enterprises that are environmentally friendly and promote youth preparation. Economic challenges will doubtless ensue in monetary value force per unit areas in the premium terminal of the market. The eating house aims to accomplish at least 50 % of initial spending for environmentally friendly merchandises such as solar panels will be paid by authorities grant. Socially, the eating house will be critically of import. The kitchen is used both for trading and for preparation of immature chefs. As a community eating house encourages a sense of shared ownership which will be one of the chief strengths of the eating house. All merchandises will be sourced locally which will be an extra merchandising point used to pull and retain local clients.Technology in the environmentally friendly market is spread outing quickly. Presently, there are considerable chances for buying merchandises suc h as composters, solar panels and even electric autos. These have a high initial spending, which will partially be met by authorities grants. Legally the eating house will hold to guarantee that it complies with the necessary employment statute law, this is of import as it is envisaged that trainee chefs will be every bit immature as 16 and hence have greater protection in footings of working environments and hours.Industry AnalysisThe entire eating house and eating out market is deserving ?6.6 billion a twelvemonth and is turning at a steady rate despite the current economic lag. The tendency is traveling towards low single spend instead than big per caput outgo. Casual dining spend is at ?3.8 billion a twelvemonth. Mulberry will encompass this tendency by offering healthy bites and insouciant dining chances with comparative low per caput spend of between ?3 and ?8 ( Abrams A ; Kleiner, 2003 ) [ 8 ] .Health issues are deriving increasing consumer involvement with concerns in relat ion to fleshiness with 36 % of adult females and 46 % of work forces technically overweight in the UK and 17 % of work forces and 21 % of adult females being corpulent. Consumers are progressively looking for chances to eat in a healthier mode yet retaining the convenience of fast nutrient. It is this turning niche that Mulberry will take to work.Competitive AnalysisDespite the alone niche that Mulberry is set uping, the insouciant dining industry as a whole is comparatively competitory. In carry oning a porters five forces analysis, the impact of this can be considered in more deepness. The grade of competition that Mulberry will see should be considered in footings of the strength of providers, the strength of purchasers the barriers to entry the menace of replacements and the grade of competition. In the instance of Mulberry the chief menace is that of permutation from rival companies such as Nandos and Mangal. Although Mulberry has a alone merchandising proposition of being envi ronmentally friendly, healthy and community based, clients could replace this with alternate eating propositions if the comparative importance of the alone factors is non seen as sufficiently valuable to promote consumers to travel to Mulberry alternatively of other good established eating constitutions. This will be achieved by offering monetary value based publicities and guaranting that consumers are told of the wellness belongingss of all nutrients.Target MarketThe chief mark market for Mulberry will be persons and groups who are interested in wellness and environmental issues. The eating house will hold about 60 screens, set up to suit groups of two to four people, although tabular arraies will be movable to suit larger groups where necessary. Predominantly, the eating house will appeal to younger and in-between coevalss aged 16 – 35 with pupils expected to be the dominant mark market. As pupils will be an of import mark market at that place will potentially be cyclic up s and downs in volume of trade depending on the college term day of the months. Therefore, in order to income smooth, a scope of extra merchandises targeted at kids to promote households to see the shop. Promotions with local babys rooms and schools will be critical to perforate this country of the market.Research revealed that the bulk of eating house visitants will go to eating houses with both friends and household, with friends being a dominant pick over household. This indicates that the mark market selected is right for Mulberry.Market Share, Growth and Future PotentialMulberry aims to capture a 20 % portion of the insouciant dining market within the Dalston country. As it is the first community eating house of this nature, Mulberry will automatically hold a 100 % market portion of this peculiar section ( Namkung A ; Jang, 2008 ) [ 9 ] . In order to promote continued betterment, Mulberry will be measured in footings of the market portion of the overall insouciant dining marke t. Mulberry is witting that it is likely that another community eating house will open and therefore Mulberry will hold to guarantee that new chances in footings of wellness and environment through new merchandise ranges such as take away and counter installations allow it to retain its market prima place. Market growing, through the usage of new merchandises and services will let the company to keep a 5 % market growing addition on an one-year footing. Turnover addition will be somewhat lower in the first twelvemonth due to the demand to set up a market place before presenting new merchandises.Selling SchemeMarketing Philosophy A ; GoalsAs Mulberry is set uping the first of all time community eating house in Dalston, the primary end for selling will be to inform possible clients of what the eating house is accomplishing and offering. Raising consciousness of the merchandises and underlying doctrines will be critical to the overall success. Mulberry relies on echt bargain in by the community in order to help in the preparation of immature chefs every bit good as set uping an environmentally and healthy insouciant dining option. 62 % of people said that they would wish more information in relation to the ingredients being used in the formulas and based on this the doctrine selling will include elaborate information on the ingredients and where they are being sourced from ( Barringer, 2002 ) [ 10 ] .AdDue to the mark market, and the monetary value restraints a great trade of the selling can be done for free on societal networking web sites such as Facebook, Myspace and Bebo. When asked the bulk of respondents visited the three networking sites the most regularly and this should be to the full utilized as an advertisement medium.In footings of where most people have heard about community eating house enterprises, it is clear that networking such as word of oral cavity will be critical to the success of Mulberry. Offer publicities and quality service will guarant ee that the word of oral cavity advertisement method is to the full utilized ( Clark A ; Woo, 1996 ) [ 11 ] .Pricing and PackagingPricing is finally influenced by what clients will be willing to pay which is besides influenced by sensed degrees of quality.Mulberry eating house purposes to follow a price penetration’ tactic as a major selling arm. The eating house will perceptibly put legion appealing pricing schemes on its expansive gap hebdomad specifically offering two-for-one offers on several dishes from the bill of fare, and what’s more charge highly low monetary values on our dulcifying merchandise ranges as to promote consumers to indulge within the eating houses finest such as ; sweets, ice picks and smoothies. Consequently this will enable Mulberry eating house to derive a sufficient sum of the market portion, therefore incursion pricing allows for a low monetary value to be charged to capture the market. Conversely as the house grows the monetary value can s o be increased as when competition arises. This will accordingly enable the eating house in accomplishing some market acknowledgment through consumer test purchases stimulated by low monetary value and pull the inner and wider community in sing their new community eating house.Mulberry eating house will be offering several imitative new dishes within its bill of fare and the chance for clients to bask several scopes of its sweets accordingly we face a merchandise placement job. Management must therefore make up ones mind where to place the merchandise versus viing merchandises in footings of quality and monetary value. The below figure shows four possible positioning schemes each of which are explained briefly below:Beginning:Pricing Strategies www.marketingteacher.com, 2007Gross saless and DistributionResearch has indicated that the bulk of people will pay between ?5 and ?10 per caput for insouciant dining, with really few persons being prepared to pay more than ?20. This falls in line with the company scheme of good value, monetary value sensitive merchandises.Gross saless for the first twelvemonth are as follows with a entire sale figure of ?288,400 predicted for the first twelvemonth. On the premise of an mean spend of ?15 ( from the above information ) this would intend a sum of 19,227 single minutess, or 52 minutess a twenty-four hours based on no closed yearss.Organization, Management A ; MembersOrganizational StructureInitially, Mulberry will be managed by two caput chefs who will move as trainers and wise mans to the two trainee chefs. Front of house will hold two lasting servers and two trainee servers. Although Mulberry places a high degree of importance on the preparation of immature chefs and servers it is necessary to hold a nucleus squad of experient lasting staff to guarantee efficiency and continuance. The trainee chefs will revolve every four hebdomads to let maximal benefits for the whole academy.It is anticipated that as gross revenues gro w, there will be extra demand for a new trainee chef and extra portion clip waiting staff. The long term program is to open farther eating houses and extra staff will be required for this intent. Staff keeping will be a cardinal focal point of Mulberry and it is anticipated that the initial trainee chefs will in clip take up places of caput chefs in the new eating houses. Due to the community component of the eating house and the high degree of public support, a direction commission will be necessary to pull off and command the scheme and funding of Mulberry.Legal Status A ; CapitalThe concern will be launched as a Limited Liability company with three managers. One of these managers will be from the college in order to guarantee complete incorporation with the overall academy schemes. Initially, there will be 8 employees with the possible to add extra portion clip staff during seasonal peak times. Mulberry will be financed through a combination of authorities grants and bank loans. Professional experts such as comptrollers and attorneies will be retained in order to guarantee all formalities are met.Operating PlanLocation of installationsMulberry will be unfastened seven yearss a hebdomad with a breakfast, tiffin and dinner service throughout, during the school vacations and weekends. During term times, the eating house will merely turn out dinner service Monday to Friday between 4:30pm and 9pm. This is due to the legal limitations placed on immature workers during term clip ( Pedraja A ; Yague, 2001 ) [ 12 ] .The eating house will be located in the canteen of the Petchley Academy. Therefore, the location will hold to be good advertised to the populace who may non be cognizant of the being of the academy.Facilities and equipmentAs the eating house is located in the canteen the chief cookery installations are already available for usage. It will be necessary to put in the environmentally friendly equipment which will be purchased through the usage of authorit ies grants. Initial equipment includes roof solar panels, roof mounted air current turbines, hydrocarbon electric refrigerators and composter to cover with waste.Production Process A ; SystemsAs the nutrient being produced is healthy and fresh, Mulberry will run a bulge in clip procedure where nutrient is made to order. Suppliers are all local leting a much shorter order clip frame. Deliveries will be done three times a hebdomad to guarantee freshness and deficiency of wastage.Safety procedures will be clearly documented and in conformity with all current wellness and safety statute law.Development PlanIt will be necessary to staff the eating house with the caput chefs and lasting servers ab initio. This will so be followed by the puting up of the location and two preparation rotary motions to guarantee that there is suited expertness amongst the trainee chefs. The chart below shows the activities for the 10 hebdomads prior to opening. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Staffing Puting up of location Training Selling Community Impact A ; BenefitsAs Mulberry is a community eating house, it will put a great accent on community benefits. Recruitment will be done from within the academy or from the local community. Mulberry will besides be running a immature learner award to promote greater community engagement. Charitable events will be supported or hosted by Mulberry and regular offers will be given to community groups such as babys rooms.Financial Data A ; ProjectionsSupport demands and beginningsDue to the fact that Mulberry will be doing usage of the academy canteen the initial spending will be fringy. In order to buy all environmentally friendly merchandises a sum of ?66,500 will be required ( Upneja A ; Dalbor, 2001 ) [ 13 ] . The dislocation is as follows: Solar Panels 18,000 Wind Turbines 28,500 Electric refrigerators 12,000 Composter 8,000 Entire 66,500 It is anticipated that 30 % of this initial start up will be provided by authorities grants ensuing in the demand for ?46,550 to be obtained from other beginnings. These purchases will be made during the first six months of operation ( Fullen, 2004 ) [ 14 ] .Cash Flow ProjectionsNet hard currency flows over the first twelvemonth will number to ?26,610. Monthly hard currency flows fluctuate dramatically, chiefly due to many disbursals being paid on a quarterly footing. There are besides fluctuations based on term day of the months and the associated gap hours. It is assumed that there will be no down clip and that the eating house will non hold to shut at any point for operational grounds.Critical Risks and Contingency PlansNegative factorsThe eating house trade is seasonal. Although all attempts are made to smooth this by offering a broad scope of seasonal options with specific winter and summer bill of fares, for illustration, it is natural that the demand for ice pick to be lower i n winter. In order to cover with this state of affairs it is proposed that other services such as Indian curry dark will be offered to pull seasonal clients. During school vacations, new bill of fare aimed at kids will be launched in order to pull kids during their holiday period. Extra installations such as free crayons will be offered to kids to promote parents to take Mulberry over rivals.Alternate programs of actionA take away service will be launched in twelvemonth two. This allows entry to a different market and to those who do non on a regular basis eat out. Depending on the comparative success of the eat in, takeaway service every bit good as a bringing service resources in twelvemonth three will be directed to spread out the most profitable option. Staff clip and hard currency resources will be given to the most profitable market and this will be the focal point of subsequent eating houses opened in twelvemonth five.Future PlansThe hereafter plans for Mulberry are about bot h spread outing the services from the original eating house to include take off and bringing and besides in opening a new eating house in order to offer yet more preparation chances for local immature chefs.It is anticipated that the take away option will be launched in the last three months of the first twelvemonth, once the eat-in eating house has to the full settled and all on the job processs are clearly understood. A bringing service will be launched in the first three months of twelvemonth two of trading. A 2nd eating house will be planned during twelvemonth four of trading for launch in month one of twelvemonth five. This will let sufficient clip for Mulberry to set up itself with a market taking repute which will be an first-class platform for future constitutions.BibliographyAbrams, R. A ; Kleiner, E. , 2003.The Successful Business Plan: Secrets A ; Schemes. The Planning Shop, p. 39.Ball, S.J. , 2008.The Education Debate: Policy and Politicss in the Twenty-first Century. The Policy Press, p. 185.Barringer, A. , 2002.Grassroots Marketing for the Restaurant Industry. iUniverse, p. 125.Chuang, A. A ; Kleiner, B.H. , 2003. New developments refering rewards and hours in the eating house industry.Management Research News, 26 ( 2/3/4 ) .Clark, M.A. A ; Woo, R.C. , 1999. Consumer trueness in the eating house industry: A preliminary geographic expedition of the issues.British Food Journal, 101 ( 4 ) .De Thomas, A. A ; Grensing-Pophal, Lin. , 2001.Writing a Convincing Business Plan. Barron s Educational Series, p. 262.Fullen, S.L. , 2004.Opening a Restaurant Or Other Food Business Starter Kit: How to Fix a Restaurant Business Plan A ; Feasibility Study. Atlantic Publishing Company, p.16.Fullen, S.L. , 2002.Restaurant Design: Designing, Constructing A ; Renovating a Food Service Establishment. Atlantic Publishing Company, p. 20.Larsen, S. A ; Bastiansen, T. , 1992. Service Attitudes in Hotel and Restaurant Staff and Nurses.International Journal of Contem porary Hospitality Management, 4 ( 2 ) .McKeever, M.P. , 2007.How to Write a Business Plan. Nolo, p. 273.Namkung, Y. A ; Jang, C.S. , 2008. Are extremely satisfied eating house clients truly different? A quality perceptual experience position.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20, ( 2 ) .Pedraja, M. A ; Yague, J. , 2001. What information do clients utilize when taking a eating house?International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13, ( 6 ) .Pratten, J.D. , 2003. The importance of waiting staff in eating house service.British Food Journal, 105 ( 11 ) .Raab, C. A ; Mayer, K. , 2007. Menu technology and activity-based costing – can they work together in a eating house? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19, ( 1 ) .Rainsford, P. , Bangs, D.H. A ; Bangs, D.H. Jr. , 1996.The Restaurant Planning Guide: Start and Pull offing a Successful Restaurant. Kaplan Publishing, p. 11.Ramdeen, C. , Santos, J. A ; Chatfield , H.K. , 2007. Measuring the cost of quality in a hotel eating house operation.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19, ( 4 ) .Upneja, A. A ; Dalbor, M.C. , 2001. An scrutiny of capital cons

Crony Capitalism and Political Corruption are the worst forms of White Research Paper

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Influence of Al3+ Addition on Activated Sludge

Influence of Al3+ Addition on Activated Sludge Influence of Al3+ addition on the flocculation and sedimentation of activated sludge: Comparison of single and multiple dosing patterns Mariam Touati Abstract In this research, single and multiple dosing of Al3+ were used to study the flocculation and sedimentation of activated sludge (AS). It was found that in the single Al3+ dosing condition; sludge flocculation is improved but sedimentation is declined. Adding the same amount of Al3+ during multiple dosing attained a similar reduction in turbidity. Interaction energy had a major role during single dosing conditions, whereas multiple dosing was mostly effective in reducing EPS content; this is regarding the differences in the performance of flocculation. Introduction The widely most used process for wastewater treatment is the activated sludge (AS) system. The water quality of the sewerage is affected in a large way by the solid-liquid separation in the system, which depends efficient sludge flocculation and sedimentation. 70% 90% of the secondary clarifiers in the AS systems however have encountered solid-liquid separation issues. Two of the main causers of these issues are the reproduction of filamentous bacteria and deficient sludge flocculation. Dosing of flocculants is one of the most effective solution to poor flocculation performance. Cations act as flocculants when added to wastewater and ease flocculation. High cation concentration helps improve biological flocculation. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) consist of polysaccharides, proteins, humic compounds, and other cellular ingredients. EPS is considered an important component of AS flocs. They play a major role in maintaining AS flocs structure and function. In most of the cases, dense, strong, and large flocs are desirable for AS settling and compaction. AS flocs have microorganisms in addition to organic and inorganic particles ingrained in the EPS, and the suspended solids accumulate into them. By bridging with multivalent cations, EPS is able to bind to the microbial cells, which are likely to have an influence on the EPS content in the system. An increase in monovalent cations in the AS declines sludge properties and damages floc, while addition of multivalent cations improves sludge flocculation. It was found that, compared to monovalent and bivalent cations, trivalent cations help improve flocculation performance of the AS under both wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and laboratory conditions. In the present study, Al3+ was added to AS systems according to single and multiple dosing patterns, and a concentration gradient was set under single dosing conditions. The research objectives were as follows: To investigate the influence of Al3+ dosage on AS flocculation and sedimentation. To determine the more efficient dosing pattern. To reveal the mechanisms governing the influence of Al3+ on AS flocculation and sedimentation. Material and methods AS cultivation The AS used in this study was cultivated in two parallel sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) numbered R-S (single dosing) and R-M (multiple dosing), and each had a working volume of 4 L. The following steps were taken: Each reactor was supplied with a paddle mixer, which operates at 100 rads/min, and that is to prevent the AS from settling. To maintain the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the range of 2-3 mg/L, air was added. sludge retention time (SRT) was controlled around 10 d. The temperatures were kept at 22  ±1à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °c in the reactors. The SBRs were working at a cycle time of 12 h, and 2 cycles were performed each day. The time used for filling, aerating, settling and decanting was 20, 640, 40 and 20 minutes respectively. Both the influent and effluent volumes per cycle were maintained at 2 L. Tap water was used to synthesize the artificial wastewater. Glucose, NH4Cl and KH2PO4 were used as sources of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) respectively. The relative proportion of chemical oxygen demand (COD), N and P (COD: N: P ratio) in the influent was maintained at 100: 5: 1, with the COD concentration at 700  ± 30 mg/L. Al3+ dosing test Single dosing test The AS in reactor R-S was cultivated without adding Al3+ in the influent. 500 mL of AS sample were added into 5 identical 250 mL beakers, each receiving 100 mL, to which a different Al3+ dosage was added. The Al3+ dosages were 0.125, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 meq/L, respectively, in beakers designated as S-0.125, S-0.5, S-1.0, S-1.5, respectively. No Al3+ was added into beaker S-0, which was the blank control of the experiment. All of the Al3+ in the single dosing test was added once. At 50 rad/min for 5 min then 117 rad/min for 5 min, the samples were mixed. Multiple dosing test In this test, Al3+ at a concentration 0.1 meq/L was added to the influent of reactor R-M and introduced to the reactor in each operation cycle. The mixing pattern was in accordance with single dosing test. EPS extraction protocol A 25-mL sample of AS suspension was centrifuged at 6000 g for 10 min at 4à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C, and the supernatant that was carefully collected was bulk solution. A NaCl solution with the same conductivity as the AS sample was prepared; then it was applied to re-suspend the AS material in the tube. Immediately, the AS suspension was oscillated by a vortex mixer for 1 min and then sheared using an ultrasonication instrument at 0.4 W/mL for 30 sec. The suspension was centrifuged at 4000 g for 10 min at 4à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C, and the supernatant was collected as LB-EPS. The AS sample left in the tube was re-suspended to its original volume of 25 mL with the NaCl solution, and then oscillated for 1 min and sheared at 0.5 W/mL for 1 min. Subsequently, the suspended sample was centrifuged at 4000 g for 15 min at 4à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C, from which the supernatant collected was TB-EPS, and the AS sample left in the tube was the pellet. The final step, the bulk solution, LB-EPS and TB-EPS extracted were filtrated through a 0.45 micro-meter cellulose acetate membrane. Analytical technique The total organic carbon (TOC) contents of the bulk solution, LB-EPS and TB-EPS were determined using a TOC/TN analyzer. The Al3+ concentrations in the bulk solution were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. After settling for 30 min, 100 mL of AS suspension were suctioned and transferred into a graduated cylinder for measuring the SVI. The turbidity of the supernatant was measured. The total interaction energy of AS was measured and calculated. Results and discussions Basic characteristics of the AS system Influence of Al3+ on AS interaction energy Single dosing According to the total interaction energy curves of the single dosing test, the energy barrier and Al3+ concentration are inversely proportional, as in, the energy barrier decreased as the Al3+ concentration increased. Comparison between single and multiple dosing patterns Multiple Al3+ dosing compressed the double electrical layers through charge neutralization. In addition to zeta potential, other factors also had an effect on AS flocculation, which reimbursed the relatively weak zeta potential reduction following multiple Al3+ dosing and ultimately equilibrated the effluent turbidities. Other factors contributed to the lower turbidity related to multiple Al3+ dosing. These observations suggested that the investigation should not be restricted to zeta potential only, and that the total interaction energy should also be taken into consideration. Multiple Al3+ dosing can promote AS flocculation by compressing the double electrical layers. It was found out that clarifying how dosing patterns affects flocculation performance in terms of total interaction energy is relatively difficult. To evaluate the influence of Al3à ¾ on AS flocculation, the role of EPS, besides that of interaction energy, must be examined. Influence of Al3+ on the EPS content Single dosing test High EPS content could worsen sludge flocculation. Sludge flocs become denser and more compact with Al3+ addition. LB-EPS play an important role in the formation of AS flocs But, an excess of LB-EPS might have a negative effect on the bonding of cells and could deteriorate the floc structure, eventually causing undesirable solid-liquid separation. EPS and supernatant turbidity decrease as Al3+ dosage increased. High LB-EPS content may result in high water content in the sludge flocs, leading to worsened sludge compactness and increased floc porosity, all causing poor flocculation The addition of Al3+ was found to lighten AS flocculation by counteracting the negative effect of LB-EPS. Al3+ reduces the suspended solids in the supernatant and improves effluent turbidity. Comparison between single and multiple dosing Both the LB-EPS and TB-EPS contents that were extracted in the multiple dosing test were much lower than those extracted in the single dosing test. Which means that in the multiple dosing test, Al3+ augmented effectively the densification of sludge through the ion bridging effect. Single dosing of Al3+ shown greater effect on the interaction energy, whereas multiple dosing of Al3+ reduced the EPS content more effectively. The eventual flocculation performances achieved by the two dosing patterns were equal. Al3+ distribution characteristics in the AS Distribution characteristics As the single dose increased the Al 3+ concentration found in the sludge increased as well. Because of Al 3+ high charge valence and solubility, almost all of it dosed constrained with the sludge. Therefore, no Al 3+ was found in the bulk solution. The amount of negative charges in different sludge components is in the following sequence: pellet > TBEPS > LB-EPS. No Al3+ could be detected in sludge components other than the pellet when the single dosage was less than 0.125 meq/L. When equal amounts of Al 3+ was added during single and multiple dosing, the Al 3+ accumulations in the sludge were similar, the Al 3+ spreading in different sludge components were different. As seen in figure 2. Al3+ could be detected in the bulk solution in the multiple dosing test, but not in the single dosing test. According to all these findings, it was concluded that the bonding capacity between Al 3+ and the sludge was different with the dosing pattern. Single dosing Single Al3+ dosage and the amount of Al3+ in the pellet are directly proportional, as the first increased the second increases as well, respectively. This caused an increase in the sludge flocs density and a decrease in the content of suspended solids, which leads to the improvement of effluent turbidity. Comparison between single and multiple dosing Pellet Al 3+ concentration has an essential positive effect on sludge flocculation. The time for the reaction between multivalent cations and the AS is critical to flocculation performance. The decrease in the sludge surface charges declined due to the increased Al3+ accumulation in the pellet. Influence of Al3+ on AS settleability Single dosing A higher single dosage of flocculant could increase the nucleation rate and the amount of small aggregates, and through the bridging function, it strengthen the interaction energy among the organics on the sludge surface. Comparison between single and multiple dosing EPS content has a significant effect on sludge settleability. Both sludge flocculation and sedimentation were enhanced by multiple additions of Al3+. Al3+ achieved floc densification by the constant recognition of the sludge structure as well as removing water. The key difference between the two dosing patterns was the variation in the reaction time. Engineering significance In case of the failure of AS flocculation and/or sedimentation in waste water treatment process (WWTP), a solution could be to add flocculants only once. Multiple dosing, which is continuous addition of flocculants in WWTPs, extends the reaction time and at the same time promotes flocculation and sedimentation performances. Therefore, it is preferable that the concentrations of multivalent cations in the pellet, in a practical operational procedure, be continuously monitored and observed; where as soon as these concentrations decrease, low concentration of flocculants must be added continuously, in order to maintain the flocculation and sedimentation of the sludge. Conclusion Sludge flocculation and turbidity elimination ware enhanced when the single dosing increased, whereas sludge sedimentation deteriorated. Better sludge sedimentation was accomplished with multiple dosing, even though there was no big difference in the reduction of turbidity between single and multiple dosing. Regarding reducing the interaction energy barrier, single dosing was more adequate, while in terms of decreasing the EPS content, multiple dosing was more effective.

eleanor roosevelt Essay examples -- essays research papers

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City on October 11, 1884, daughter of lovely Anna Hall and Elliott Roosevelt, younger brother of Theodore. When her mother died in 1892, the children went to live with Grandmother Hall; her adored father died only two years later. Attending a distinguished school in England gave her, at 15, her first chance to develop self-confidence among other girls. Eleanor married her fifth cousin, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Tthey became the parents of six children. In World War 1, she became active in the American Red Cross and in volunteer work in Navy hospitals. Franklin Roosevelt was stricken with polio in 1921. Mrs. Roosevelt became active in politics both to help him maintain his interests and to assert her own personality and goals. She was in the League of Women Voters, and the Women's Trade Union League, and worked for the Women's Division of the New York State Democratic Committee. She helped to found Val-Kill Industries, a furniture factory in Hyde Park, New York, and taught at the Todhunter School, a private girls’ school in New York City. Franklin D. Roosevelt became President in 1933. Eleanor Roosevelt was an active First Lady who traveled around the nation, visiting relief projects, surveying working and living conditions, and then reporting to the President. She added her own political and social influence. She became active with helping the poor and minorities. During World War II, she visited England and t...

A Love Story in Boracay Essay

Philippines is a nation located at South-East of Asia, just east of Vietnam. It is surrounded by three different seas, namely, the Celebes Sea, the South China Sea, and the Philippine Sea. Comprising of 7, 107 islands, this country has a total area of 300, 000 sq km. Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao are the three islands that form the main island groups of the Philippines. There are numerous tourist attractions in the Philippines. One of them is the famous Boracay Island. This island has white, sandy beaches and luxurious resorts.   One day, I spent a lazy twilight just wading through the calm waters. The sea was very much alive yet it the air seemed romantic. I was pondering on important things when I saw a couple fighting. The woman was close to tears and the man was regretful. Something he said must have hurt the poor woman’s heart. The woman walked away, leaving the man confused and unsure of what to do.I thought, â€Å"Maybe love isn’t enough to keep relationships last.† I for one did not really believe in love. But I decided to approach the guy and offer a helping hand anyway. I asked him if he’s okay. He said, â€Å"I don’t know. It’s just that she’s too vulnerable. I don’t know how to handle her.† The man got something from his pocket. It was a little heart-shaped case that no doubt contained a ring. â€Å"I was supposed to ask her to marry me but she burst out crying even before I popped the question. I have no idea what’s wrong with her. Could it be that she loves someone else?†, he said. I shook my head. â€Å"No, she loves you. I saw the way she looked at you. It was a look of love but it had a hint of pain. Maybe you did something to cause that pain. You know, women are really sensitive.† â€Å"So what do you reckon I should do?† He looked at me with hopeful eyes. This man really loves her woman so I thought hard on helping them. We were sitting with our backs on a tree when something came up my mind.mâ€Å"I know!† I exclaimed. â€Å"You should treat like she’s the most beautiful girl in the planet.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"How?† The next day, he asked the woman for a date at a grandiose restaurant in Boracay. When the woman arrived at the place, she was lead into the balcony at the second floor. She couldn’t be more surprised to find that the whole place was closed or reserved just for the two of them. While they were eating, the favorite band of the lady was hired to provide music for that very special night. After eating, they open a bottle of Champagne and as soon as the guy had poured the Champagne into the wine glass, the woman noticed a diamond ring floating happily. She blushed and giggled. She was about to ask for an explanation from the guy when fireworks began to color the night sky. The scene was oh so breathtaking. When the fireworks display was almost over, up in the sky, written were the words: â€Å"I love you. Please marry me.† The two of them were married three months after that and I was really happy to have helped save their once-drowning relationship. Even now, when I think about Boracay, I remember those two persons who were madly in love with each other despite their differences. And, most importantly, I now believe in love. It was not the help that I gave that propelled their relationship into the right direction. It was their love that conquered everything; I just gave it a little push. Works Cited http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Philippines/Where+to+Go. 2007. Online. May 23, 2007.